“Deftly connects Texas politics and the American beef business with global Gilded Age economics”
XIT: A Story of Land, Cattle, and Capital in Texas and Montana
By Michael M. Miller
The Texas state constitution of 1876 set aside three million acres of public land in the Texas Panhandle in exchange for construction of the state’s monumental red-granite capitol in Austin. That land became the XIT Ranch, briefly one of the most productive cattle operations in the West. The story behind the legendary XIT Ranch, told in full in XIT, is a tale of the of Gilded Age business and politics at the very foundation of the American cattle industry.
The capitol construction project, along with the acres that would become XIT, went to an Illinois syndicate led by men influential in politics and business. Unable to sell the land, the Illinois group, backed by British capital, turned to cattle ranching to satisfy investors. In tracing their efforts, which expanded to include a satellite ranch in Montana, historian Michael M. Miller demythologizes the cattle business that flourished in the late-nineteenth-century American West, paralleling the United States’ first industrial revolution.
The XIT Ranch came into being and succeeded, Miller shows, only because of the work of accountants, lawyers, and managers, overseen by officers and a board of seasoned international capitalists. In turn, the ranch created wealth for some and promoted the expansion of railroads, new towns, farms, and jobs. Though it existed only from 1885 to 1912, from Texas to Montana the operation left a deep imprint on community culture and historical memory.
Describing the Texas capitol project in its full scope and gritty detail, XIT cuts through the popular portrayal of great western ranches to reveal a more nuanced and far-reaching reality in the business and politics of the beef industry at the close of America’s Gilded Age.
Read a review from Lone Star Literary Life here.
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XIT: Land, Cattle, and Capital in Texas and Montana. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2020. (Fall)
“Cowboys and Capitalists: The XIT Ranch in Texas and Montana, 1885–1912”, in Montana: The Magazine of Western History Vol. 65, No. 4 (Winter 2015), pp. 3-28.
More published work
Dickson, Lang, Johnson, et al., in Handbook of African American Texans project. Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association. http://tshaonline.org.
Review of A Man Absolutely Sure of Himself: Texan George Washington Littlefield, by David B. Gracy II, New Mexico Historical Review, Winter 2022.
Review of Henry C. “Hank” Smith and the Cross B Ranch, by M. Scott Sosebee, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, January 2022.
Review of The Chisholm Trail: Joseph McCoy’s Great Gamble, by James E. Sherow, Montana The Magazine of Western History, Spring 2021 .
Review of J. C. Penney: The Man, the Store, and American Agriculture by David Delbert Kruger, Montana The Magazine of Western History, Winter 2017.
Review of The Hawkins Ranch in Texas: From Plantation Times to the Present by Margaret L. Furse, Southwestern Historical Quarterly, January 2015.
Review of Dude Ranching in Yellowstone Country by W. Hudson Kensel, Pacific NorthwestQuarterly, Winter 2012/13.
